![]() Just as an archer has the power to make an arrow goal-directed, God has the power to make everything in the world goal-directed. God directs the behaviour of objects by creating natural laws which govern and regulate the behaviour of all objects by directing them towards the end that God has in mind for them. God’s ability to direct the behaviour of things in the world is of a much greater type than our ability, however. There must be something which can comprehend the goal/end of the arrow and influenced/designed it to move in the way it does: the archer (who has intelligence) did this by shooting the arrow in a particular way while having the goal/end in mind. To illustrate this point, Aquinas draws our attention to the fact that we humans can direct an objects behaviour through exerting physical force on it, just as an archer does with an arrow.Īn arrow hits a target even though it isn’t intelligent and cannot comprehend what it’s doing. Such things cannot move towards an end unless directed by a being which does have intelligence.Ī thing cannot reliably move with a purpose unless an intelligent being had that purpose in mind and directed its behaviour. This is because they are either non-intelligent or insufficiently intelligent. However, things in the world cannot have directed themselves towards their end. This shows that it is not mere chance that objects behave in this way. Everywhere we look, Aquinas wants us to notice that objects do not behave randomly but with regularity in a goal-directed way. Water falls as rain and then evaporates as part of the water-cycle. For example, flowers can move in alignment with the sun throughout the day to get more sunlight. The idea is that things we observe in the world are goal-directed. We can observe that things act ‘always, or nearly always’ in the same way to ‘obtain the best result’, meaning to attain their purpose. Aquinas’ 5th wayĪquinas observed that natural objects/beings do not behave randomly, but moved towards a certain goal or purpose (end/telos). The best an inductive argument can achieve is to show that a conclusion is what we currently have most reason to believe based on our best attempt to understand the available evidence. They give us reasons for accepting a conclusion, though cannot prove that the conclusion is certain. So, inductive arguments are those for which their premises could be true and yet their conclusion false. The truth of the premises does not logically entail the conclusion. Inductive arguments are those for which the premises count as evidence for, in support of, a conclusion. The type of inference involved in the design argument from the premises to the conclusion is inductive. On the basis of that premise, an inference is then made to the nature of the origin of the universe. This observation forms the premises of the design argument. The design argument is based on the observation of particular aspects of the universe which, it claims, have the appearance of design. The design argument is an a posteriori argument, which means it is based on experience. Give an example of a morphological trait in humans.A posteriori. What is one type of information that could help the scientist classify the organism?.If this is all you know, can you place the organism into a particular domain? If so, what is the domain and if not, why not?.Answer the following questions about this discovery. ![]() A scientist discovers a new single-celled organism.Based on the phylogenetic tree for the three domains of life above, explain whether you think Bacteria are more closely related to Archaea or Eukarya.In Linnaean classification, similar classes together make up a _.In the binomial nomenclature for humans, Homo is the genus and sapiens refers to the specific species. Humans have identified all of the species on Earth. Describe the taxon called the domain, and compare the three widely recognized domains of living things.Contrast Linnaean and phylogenetic systems of classification.What is binomial nomenclature? Give an example.Explain why it is important to classify living things and outline the Linnaean system of classification.Why is this definition often difficult to apply? What is biodiversity? Identify three ways that biodiversity may be measured.\): Three domains of life: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
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